This is a quick assessment idea which I learned from my colleague Bob Patrick. Recently, our Latin 2 students were finishing up a story, so Bob implemented this listening assessment involving characters from the story with his class, which in turn, I used with my students. If your class is reading a story with at least three characters who do a number of different things, then this is a great way to assess students. Planning
In the target language, create a number of sentences that describe different characters in the story. I have found that 8-10 sentences is a good number.
Each sentence should start out with "this character" (in Latin, haec persona) - I used actual sentences from the story since those sentences were with what students were most familiar.
Implementation
Write the character choices on the board.
On a sheet of paper, have students number 1-8 (or however many sentences you have created.
Explain to students that for each of the sentences which you will read aloud, their job is to determine which character this sentence describes and to write down that character.
Read each sentence 2-3 times very slowly, as students write down the character about whom the sentence describes.
At the end, read each sentence again so that students can check their responses.
Question #1 - haec
persona credit puellam chartaceam esse pulchram.
Question #2 - haec persona occidit multas arbores.
Question #3 - haec persona vult fugere cum puella chartacea.
Question #4 - haec persona occidit puellam chartaceam.
Question #5 - haec persona magnos sonos facit.
Question #6 - haec persona non vult fugere cum saxo.
Question #7 - haec persona occidit forficem.
Question #8 - haec persona fugit cum saxo.
Observations
This was indeed a very quick assessment - it took less than 10 minutes.
This is a great activity to assess listening comprehension in a very low-key way.
I was surprised at how well my students did on this. You need to understand that when I was learning Latin in high school and in my college and graduate courses in Latin, I NEVER heard it spoken. Because I am implementing Comprehensible Input in my Latin classes with lots of repetitions in active Latin, for my students to hear Latin does not seem that big of a deal for them.
Afterwards I asked students what they thought of it. A common response - "It was really easy, since we have gone over the story so many times..."
This is a warm up activity which I learned from Justin Slocum Bailey. If you have never attended one of Justin's sessions at a conference, then you need to! I always learn so much from him, as he expands the way in which language can be used in the classroom. Justin and I have roomed together numerous times at conferences, so we both know each other's quirks. The premise is quite simple: for a particular day (preferably the day on which you will do this), from among three choices, ask students to pick the event which they think happened on that day. I have found this activity to be a good example of Krashen's Forgetting Hypothesis, where due to the compelling nature of the message in the target language, students "forget" about the language per se, because the message itself is so compelling. Planning
Find two other "false" events ("false" as in not having happened on that day) as distractors.
Create a slide presentation with choices A, B, and C, and write the three choices in the target language. Add pictures related to your choices.
Implementation As a warm up, project the slide presentation, and ask students which historical event they think happened on that day. Here is what I say in Latin every time which I do this: Latin script Discipuli, quid hōc die in historiā accīdit? Hodie est (ordinal number) dies mensis (month), ergo, quid hōc die in historiā accīdit? Discipuli, quid putatis? Littera A (read letter A choice)? Littera B (read letter B choice)? an littera C (read letter C choice). Quid putatis? (Get students to call out the letter). Ah, audio litteram _____ saepius quam audio litteram ____ an _____. Videamus. English script Class, what happened on this day in history? Today is the (ordinal number) day in the month of ____________. Therefore, what happened on this day in history? Class, what do you think? Letter A (read letter A choice)? Letter B (read letter B choice)? or letter C (read letter C choice)? What do you think? Ah, I am hearing letter ____ more often than I am hearing letter ____ or _____. Let us see. Example for September 28 - press on slide presentation to see answers.
Observations
In order to preserve the novelty of the warm up, I only do this 2-3 times a week.
The first couple times when I did this, students were not very receptive due to it being new. Now as I do it more often, I have found students to be quite engaged. A few students have said to me, "Gosh, I wish we did this in my social studies class."
This warm up gives me a way to give the date in Latin in a NATURAL CONTEXT, since it is part of an activity, as opposed to announcing it at the beginning of class outside of a context.
I have chosen to give the date in a modern Latin context and not in a Roman context (Kalends, Nones, Ides, etc.), because quite honestly, I myself cannot keep track of how the Romans did their calendar dates. Since I want to treat Latin as a modern language, I have chosen to use the modern way for dates.
When picking historical events (both true and false), it is important that these events be compelling for STUDENTS! What I find compelling as a historical event is NOT what students find compelling. I suppose that I could do "what happened on this day in Roman history?" which I would find interesting, but would the majority of my Latin students?
Although this was not my intention, I am getting in LOTS of subconscious repetitions of phrases like "was born," "was discovered/found," "was invented," and "made its debut" in a natural way (even though I have never formally taught these phrases), since these phrases come up a lot in this warm up. In addition, because I say the same thing every time as part of the script, students are starting to be able to say it with me now.
This is a great post-reading activity which I learned from my colleague Rachel Ash, who has her own write up about how to do it. There is a degree of work on the front end, but the actual activity is a great cooperative way for students to demonstrate comprehension of a known reading. Pre-Activity Preparation
Take a story familiar to students, and divide it into 10-15 sentences.
Draw pictures for each of the sentences. It does not have to be anything elaborate. To quote the great Latin teacher Sally Davis, "everyone can draw stick figures." Example of my pictures. I created a table on a document to draw the pictures.
Type up the sentences. I created table on a document to type up the sentences.
Make 10 copies (for a class of 30) of the pictures and sentences onto cardstock. You can use regular paper, but the cardstock makes the pictures/sentences sturdy.
Cut up the sentences and pictures - this is what will take up the most time in preparation. I had students cut these up for me.
In-Class Directions
Divide the class into groups of 3. There may be groups of 4, but that can be kind of big.
On a table/desk, mix all of the sentences together so that it is one big pile. On another table/desk, separately mix all of the pictures together so that it is one big pile.
Explain to students:
Their job is to match sentences to pictures. There are ____ sentences/pictures pairs.
As a relay, one team member at a time will grab 2 pictures, 2 sentences or 1 of each and bring them back to the team.
The next team member will grab 2 pictures, 2 sentences or 1 of each and bring them back to the team and so on.
As a team, members will try to match sentences with pictures, as more sentences and pictures are added.
As more pictures and sentences are added, team members will need to determine specific sentences or pictures which need to be gathered.
If a team receives a duplicate of a sentence or picture, then the team needs to send it back with their next "runner."
Teams will have to match the sentences with the pictures AND to put the story in order.
First team to complete the activity “wins”!
Observations
When explaining the activity to students, it does not make much sense, but once it begins and students begin to bring pictures/sentences to their teams, students understand how the activity works.
This can get VERY competitive depending on your students.
I love hearing students communicate with their runners, "Bring back the picture with _________" or "We need the sentence that says _________," as they now need specific sentences/pictures to complete the activity.
The activity took about 10 minutes. I thought that it would take longer but because students were very familiar with the story in the target language, they did not think that the activity was difficult to do.
Remind students that part of the task is to put the story in order! Many get caught up in the matching that they forget this part.
Alternate version - I have done this activity where I broke up pictures and sentences into clauses, instead of full sentences so that students were focusing on specific parts of the sentence.
Although I have my Ed.S degree in Instructional Technology and am quite versed in the application of technology to one's curriculum "for the creation of a student-centered, 21st-century, blended-learning, critical-thinking classroom environment" (that last phrase sounds very Educationese, because I constantly had to use those buzzwords in my degree program), at the same time, I have been somewhat hesitant to implement technology in a CI-based setting for the following reasons:
Most world language technology is incomprehensible for novice-level students or focuses on forced output.
The majority of classroom technology focuses on low-levels of critical thinking, operates at a Substitution level on the SAMR model, and/or serves more as entertainment than true engagement.
(see here for my posts on Technology in a CI Classroom, part 1 and Technology in a CI Classroom, part 2) Earlier this year, Meredith White, a Spanish CI teacher in my district, demonstrated how she uses SnapChat in her classroom, and while I was VERY impressed with how it can be implemented, I was also a bit tentative in utilizing it for both professional reasons (how can social media be properly applied to the classroom without crossing the line?) and personal reasons (what the heck is SnapChat, since I myself have never used it?). This past summer, I learned about Book Snaps and realized that this is definitely something which can be applied to the CI Classroom. Essentially, Book Snaps is a SnapChat involving a reading of some kind. It is primarily used for students to interact with, to write commentary on, and to react to a text (think of students writing comments on sticky notes in a text but with SnapChat). Once I learned about this, I realized that Book Snaps could be used for students to "illustrate" sentences from a story! Here is a video explaining how to make a Book Snap:
For the past few days, I have been going over the following story with students (it is based on a Movie Talk), so today, I had students create Book Snaps of the story:
Rock, Paper,
Scissors Story
Ecce saxum. Terra saxum generat. Subito saxum aliquid
audit. Aliquid magnos sonos facit. Saxum surgit ut videat quid magnos sonos
faciat. Ecce puella in silva! Silva puellam generat. Puella est chartacea, et
magnos sonos facit. Saxum puellam chartaceam videt, et credit puellam
chartaceam esse valde pulchram.
Ecce forfex in
silva! Saxum valde timet, quod videt puellam chartaceam et credit forficem
velle occidere puellam chartaceam. Saxum in silvam cadit. Forfex multas arbores
occidit. Saxum credit forficem velle occidere puellam chartaceam. Saxum vult
fugere cum puella chartacea, sed puella chartacea non vult fugere cum saxo.
Puella non credit forficem velle occidere eam (her). Eheu!
Saxum puellam chartaceam tangit, et succumbit. Saxum et puella chartacea in
silva fugiunt, quod credunt forficem velle occidere eos (them). Vis est
forfici, quod occidit multas arbores in silva.
Eheu! Forfex
puellam chartaceam occidit. Saxum credit puellam chartaceam esse mortuam, et
est valde iratum. Saxum vult occidere forficem! Vis est saxo, et occidit
forficem. Forfex est mortua. Saxum est valde triste, quod puella chartacea est
mortua. Saxum vult servare (to rescue) puellam chartaceam,
sed si (if) tanget puellam chartaceam, succumbet...
Assignment directions
Choose ONE of the following options:
Book Snaps
Using SnapChat, take a picture of the story text. This
will serve as your background.
Type in the text of a sentence or two. NOTE - you cannot
use sentences with the word ecce.
Adjust where you want the text to be on your picture.
Insert emojis, bitmojis, stickers, which apply to the
text which you chose. NOTE - As this is an assignment, these emojis, stickers,
bitmojis MUST BE SCHOOL APPROPRIATE.
You may also write or draw pictures onto your Book Snap.
When finished, save to your phone’s photo album.
Submit your SnapChat photo to me using your eClass
Dropbox for Latin 2.
SnapChat
Using SnapChat, take a picture with you as a character
depicting a particular sentence in the story. Either take a selfie or have
someone take the picture for you. There may be other people in your picture but
each person is turning in his/her own picture.
Type in the text of a sentence or two. NOTE - you cannot
use sentences with the word ecce.
Adjust where you want the text to be on your picture.
Insert emojis, bitmojis, stickers, which apply to the
text which you chose. NOTE - As this is an assignment, these emojis, stickers,
bitmojis MUST BE SCHOOL APPROPRIATE.
You may also write or draw pictures onto your Book Snap.
When finished, save to your phone’s photo album.
Submit your SnapChat photo to me using your eClass
Dropbox for Latin 2.
Here are some examples of students Book Snaps based on the story:
My goal is now to create a Google Slides presentation of these slides and show them in class. Observations
Most students opted to do a Book Snap, instead of a SnapChat. I do not know why (considering how often they take selfies in class!).
This is another way for students to demonstrate comprehension of a reading.
Even though students are very well-versed in SnapChat, I was surprised at how long it took students to create a Book Snap. I thought it would take 5-10 minutes to create a single Book Snap, but it took roughly 10-20 minutes.
Even though many students created Book Snaps of the same sentence, no two were alike; many students were very creative!
This was definitely another way for students to re-read the story to choose a sentence, thus getting in more subconscious repetitions of the language.
For those students who did not have access to a device or SnapChat, I had them illustrate a sentence on paper.
This is another awesome post-reading activity which I learned from Linda Li this past summer (Martina Bex also has a great post about this activity). It is loosely based on a party game called Paper Telephone/Telephone Pictionary, and it works great as a way to get students to review a known reading.
Directions
Every student needs paper, pen/pencil, and the reading passage which you want to review.
Divide students into groups of six. There may be groups of seven or as little as four, but try to avoid groups of three. Arrange students in a circle.
Have students fold paper vertically/hot-dog style. Tell students that they will only be drawing on one side of the paper.
Tell students to pick ONE sentence from the story and to write it at the top of their paper. Write it as it appears in the story, i.e. students are NOT to translate the sentence.
Have students PASS their paper to the person on their left.
Now have students draw a visual representation of that sentence underneath it. Leave some space between the sentence and picture.
Stop students after 45 seconds, and have students FOLD the sentence over the back of the paper so that it cannot be seen. Only the picture should be showing.
Have students PASS their paper to the person to their left. It is important that students do NOT pass until you say so.
Now have students find the ONE sentence from the reading that matches the drawing. Students are to write the sentence underneath the picture. Leave some space between the picture and the sentence.
Stop students after 45 seconds, and have students FOLD the picture over to the back so that only the sentence is showing.
Have students PASS their paper to the person on their left. It is important that students do not pass until you say so.
Continue this pattern of drawing, passing, writing, and passing until students in a group of six have their original paper - it should be a total of six passes. For groups smaller than six, then they will continue to pass until the sixth pass. For groups larger than six, they will not get their original paper back so they will have to find theirs.
Tell students to unfold their papers to see how accurate others were with drawing pictures/writing sentences for their original sentence.
Observations
Having taken part in this activity myself when learning Mandarin from Linda Li, I can tell you that it is great activity for post-reading on so many different levels: re-reading of a known text (thus getting in more repetitions of language), comprehension of what is being read demonstrated non-verbally through a picture, comprehension of what is being communicated in a picture and writing that in the target language via the story/passage.
Depending on students' interpretation of the pictures/sentences given to them, this activity mimics the game Telephone, because the sentences and pictures can begin to change. It is always fun to hear some students at the end talk about how their original sentence changed.
In previous posts, I have blogged about my experience this summer learning Mandarin with Linda Li in a 4-day Fluency Fast class. Since then, my goal has been to continue acquiring Mandarin when I have time. Recently, I found a video on YouTube of a first day high school Mandarin 1 class, so thinking this video would be a great place for me to continue my language acquisition, I began to watch it. What I saw was that this teacher was using an 100% immersion approach on day 1. While there is nothing wrong with that per se, there was no attempt to establish any type of meaning in English, outside of gestures and handouts with Mandarin phrases where students filled in the English meaning during the class. In the video, when the teacher began to speak in Mandarin after the bell rings and asked the class to stand up, immediately you could see the confusion among the students, and only a few students caught onto what he was asking them to do. I am certain that affective filters immediately went through the roof with those students, because mine certainly did just watching it (and I was familiar with what he was saying in Mandarin!). For the remainder of the video, the teacher employed a traditional approach to an immersion classroom, with lots of the teacher saying phrases, students repeating after him (I wonder how many of those students actually understood what they were saying in Mandarin), and him correcting their pronunciation. Occasionally, the teacher would ask students (in Mandarin) to define words in English. While for me, much of what he said in the video was somewhat comprehensible (due to my limited Mandarin), I can guarantee that for most of the students in that classroom, it was not.
In reflecting on my experience with Linda Li this summer, I realize that from Day 1 of our Fluency Fast course, she could have employed a 100% immersion experience like the above teacher, but Linda also knew that this approach with beginning Mandarin students would not have been successful for every learner in our class. That is not to say that Linda did not utilize much more Mandarin as the class progressed, but it was not immediate from the first hour. I am NOT saying that a classroom immersion environment in and of itself is a bad or terrible thing, but incomprehensible classroom immersion where the burden is completely 100% on students to establish and to negotiate meaning on their own in a "sink or swim" environment is where I have a problem. I have been in those types of immersion experiences, and I can definitely say that my affective filter went through the roof to the point of "fight or flight." Not every learner can succeed in that type of environment, and if equity in the classroom is our goal for all students, then a "survival of the fittest" attitude only excludes learners, as only "certain" types of learners end up finding success. Although we as teachers may have the best intentions in implementing an immersion approach, if we are not careful, immersion can quickly turn into submersion for students. When students do not perform well in this setting, our tendency is to to blame the students as being lazy or not trying (or even worse, that only certain students should take language, since not everyone can keep up in an immersion classroom). The reality is that students are not doing well, because we ourselves have not set them up properly for success in an immersion setting. An incomprehensible immersion environment is simply just noise to students. In order to guarantee success for students in an immersion setting, then I feel that we as teachers must establish the following environment:
Create a safety net for students. In my opinion, this is vital. A safety net empowers ALL students to inform you as the teacher NON-VERBALLY that they are not understanding what you are saying, that they need you to go slower, that their affective filters are skyrocketing, etc. It is very easy to get a false impression of what students are understanding or processing in an immersion environment if we are only relying on the fast processors to inform us. Even counting "1, 2, 3" aloud after you ask a question can greatly slow things down in an immersion setting in order to give ALL students time to process what has been asked (thank you, Annabelle Allen, for teaching me this).
Strive to be 100% comprehensible by establishing meaning in L1.Nothing divides immersion-based teachers more than the topic of establishing meaning in L1. Some feel that this has absolutely no place in an immersion environment, as their argument is that students will figure out and determine meaning on their own or that students will be thinking in L1, instead of L2, if meaning is given in L1. Others feel that meaning can be established through props or pictures but still no L1. I am of the mindset that we teachers need to establish meaning in L1 if our goal is to be 100% comprehensible to learners. When understandable messages are delivered, then language acquisition can occur. In my language learning experiences with both Linda Li (Mandarin) and Betsy Paskvan (Japanese), each of them established meaning in L1 by writing any unknown language words on the board, having the English definitions next to them, and pointing/pausing when referring to them. I am so grateful that they did, because it made what was being said understandable to me. Yes, it was so helpful to have those words and meanings there as a reference, and yes, I was thinking in L1 during that time. To be honest, since I was negotiating meaning, it was necessary for me to think in L1. As the class progressed, I found that I no longer needed to refer to the words (although they were there if needed) and that I was starting to think in L2, instead of L1. Some may say, "If a student does not know a word in L2, can't just you explain the meaning in L2, instead of L1?" I have been in immersion environments where when I asked for a meaning of a word, the meaning was given to me in L2. Although these people had the best of intentions, i was already frustrated, because I did not know what the original word meant, so explaining the meaning in L2 only frustrated me more, thus raising my affective filter higher. In these situations, my thinking has always been "Just tell me what the d@*n word means in English, so that I can move on."
Facilitate constant comprehension checks. This is a key point, because comprehension checks give students an opportunity to let you know what they think that you are saying and give you the teacher a chance to see if you are truly understandable. This can be done very quickly and easily either in L1 or L2 by simply asking, "When I said that, what did I mean?" Depending on their answer, this feedback can tell you whether to move forward or to "circle the plane a bit," since students are not understanding what you are communicating.
What are some tools and strategies which you implement in an immersion setting in order to guarantee success for all learners?
When I have delivered presentations on Comprehensible Input at conferences, one of the questions which I usually get asked is, "So how do you test students on this? What does an assessment look like?" One of the main issues of which we need to let go is the concept of the traditional chapter/unit test. Assessments do not have to be long 4-page documents, which take students 30-45 minutes to complete. Rather, assessments can be short, to-the-point, and completed by students in less than 10-minutes. A few things about my assessments:
I assess students every 5-7 days.
They are ALWAYS unannounced, outside of the midterm and final exam (since those dates are set by my department and school). However, I will only assess when I think that 80% of my students will score an 80% or higher. Usually, the reality is 90% of my students will score a 90% or higher. Setting a date for an assessment does nothing really other than letting you know who prepared and studied for it, but it does not tell you who retained the material afterwards. When we begin to assess on students' timelines instead of on our own as teachers is when we will see increased student success and mastery of material.
They are always based upon a reading/story which we have been doing in class. In other words, it is never a sight passage.
My Latin department implements standards-based grading, instead of the traditional grading system. In other words, students are assessed according to their proficiency in a number of various standards. I will save this topic for a later blog post.
Students have unlimited retakes if they do not do well, as my goal is student proficiency in the language, not performance.
Observations
I love doing these types of assessments, because they are fast! Before when administering a unit/chapter test, it would take the entire period. These type of assessments take less than 15-minutes for students to complete, meaning I can do other activities besides assess!
Even though my assessments are unannounced, rarely do I have students complain about it. Most find them very easy and have told me that they like that they never have to "study" for this class. My response to students: if you do your 50% and if I do my 50% in class, then you never will have to study for these assessments!
Below are some actual ways in which I have assessed students this year. NOTE - The standards which I am assessing are at the top of each section. F = Formative (quiz grade), S = Summative (test grade). Notice that assessments usually have both formative and summative standards addressed:
Assessment #1
IUNO IRATA ASSESSMENT
Iuppiter et Iuno duōs filiōs habent: Mars et Vulcanus. Mars est deus bellī. Mars est pulcher et torosus. Iuno Martem amat, quod Mars est pulcher et torosus.
Vulcanus est deus ignis. Vulcanus est torosus, sed non est pulcher. Iuno Vulcanum non amat, quod Vulcanus non est pulcher. Eheu! Iuno est irata, quod Vulcanus non est pulcher. Iuno Vulcanum e Monte Olympo ad terram deicit. Vulcanus est vulneratus in terrā, et est tristis.
F3 I can recognize isolated words and high-frequency phrases when supported by context. Provide an English definition of FIVE of the underlined words. You may answer more than five as backup credit. 1) Mars esttorosus.
2) Iuno Martem amat, quod Mars est pulcher. 3) Iuno Martem amat. 4) Vulcanus non est pulcher. 5) Vulcanus est torosus, sed non est pulcher. 6) Iuno est irata. 7) Vulcanus est vulneratus in terra.
S3 I can demonstrate understanding of authentic and adapted Latin passages when read.
Answer TWO of the following questions IN ENGLISH. You may answer more than two as backup credit.
1. Describe how Mars and Vulcan differ from each other in terms of physical appearance. a. Mars
b. Vulcan
2. Describe the difference in how Juno reacts to Mars and to Vulcan AND why she reacts that way.
a. Mars
b. Vulcan
3. Give TWO reasons why Vulcan is tristis at the end of the story.
Assessment #2
Vulcanus Victor - Assessment
Vulcanus est valde peritus faber. Vulcanus sellam facit; sella est valde pulchra. Vulcanus sellam ad Montem Olympum mittit. Iuno pulchram sellam videt, et considit in sellā. Subito, sella Iunonem capit! Iuno non potest surgere e sellā! Iuno est captiva!
Quod Vulcanus est faber, Iuppiter eum ad Montem Olympum fert. Vulcanus Iunonem e sellā liberat, et Venus datur ut coniunx. Vulcanus est valde laetus, quod est in Monte Olympo, et Venus est coniunx. Venus Vulcanum non amat, quod Vulcanus non est pulcher. Venus Martem amat, quod Mars est valde pulcher. F4 I can read and understand short stories and conversations.
Pick THREE of the following statements, and find the sentence IN LATIN from the story above which supports that statement. You may do more than three as backup credit.
1) Juno likes pretty things.
2) Vulcan receives two rewards for freeing his mother from the chair.
3) Vulcan has a wife.
4) Due to his looks, once again someone rejects Vulcan.
S4 I can provide accurate, written translations of authentic and adapted passages in Latin.
Pick THREE of the following statements, and write out a translation into “good English.” You may do more than three as backup credit.
1) Vulcanus sellam ad Montem Olympum mittit.
2) Iuno non potest surgere e sellā! Iuno est captiva!
3) Venus Vulcanum non amat, quod Vulcanus non est pulcher.
4) Vulcanus est valde laetus, quod est in Monte Olympo, et Venus est coniunx. Assessment #3 - Drawing Dictation S2 I can demonstrate understanding of a Latin text/passage when heard.
